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- Caballero, Fernán de - Nom de plume of Cecilia Böhl von Faber, a noted Spanish novelist. (1796-1877)
- Caballero, Raimundo Diosdado - Writer. (1740-1830)
- Caballero y Ocio, Juan - Priest, remarkable for lavish gifts to the Church and for charity. (1644-1707)
- Cabas - Titular see of Egypt.
- Cabassut - French theologian and priest. (1604-1685)
- Cabello de Balboa, Miguel - Sixteenth century Spanish priest.
- Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez - Born at Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain; dates of birth and death uncertain.
- Cabot, John and Sebastian - Navigators and explorers.
- Cabral, Francisco - Portuguese missionary in Japan. (1529-1609)
- Cabral, Pedralvarez - Portuguese navigator. (b. 1460)
- Cabrillo, Estévan - Sixteenth century sailor.
- Cadalous - Bishop and antipope. (d.1072)
- Caddo Indians - In the earlier period they were commonly known to the Spaniards as Tejas, whence the name of the State, and to the French as Cenis or Assinais.
- Cades - The name, according to the Vulgate and the Septuagent, of three, or probably four cities mentioned in Scripture.
- Cadillac, Antoine de Lamothe, Sieur de - Founder of Detroit. (1657-1730)
- Cadiz, Diocese of - Suffragan of Seville.
- Caedmon, Saint - Article on the laborer for the double monastery of Whitby, composer of hymns and other Biblical poems in Anglo-Saxon, who died between 670 and 680.
- Caen, University of - Founded in 1432 by Henry VI of England, who was then master of Paris and of a large part of France.
- Caeremoniale Episcoporum - A book containing the rites and ceremonies to be observed at Mass, Vespers, and other functions, by bishops and prelates of inferior rank, in metropolitan, cathedral, and collegiate churches.
- Caesar of Speyer - Friar Minor and leader of the Cæsarines. (d. 1239)
- Caesarea - A Latin titular see, and the seat of a residential Armenian bishopric, in Cappadocia.
- Caesarea Mauretaniae - Titular see in North Africa.
- Caesarea Palaestinae - Titular see in Palestine.
- Caesarea Philippi - A Greek Catholic residential see, and a Latin titular see, in Syria.
- Caesarius of Arles, Saint - Bishop, theologian, renowned as a popular preacher, wrote two monastic rules, died 543.
- Caesarius of Heisterbach - Cistercian monk. (1170-1240)
- Caesarius of Nazianzus, Saint - Physician, brother of St. Gregory of Nazianzus (the Theologian). Caesarius died in late 368 or early 369.
- Caesarius of Prüm - Twelfth-century Benedictine abbot and Cistercian monk.
- Caesaropolis - Titular see of Macedonia.
- Cagli e Pergola, Diocese of - Situated in Umbria (Italy), in the province of Pesaro, suffragan of Urbino.
- Cagliari, Archdiocese of - Cagliari, called by the ancient Caralis, is the principal city and capital of the Island of Sardinia, and an important port on the Gulf of Cagliari.
- Cahier, Charles - French antiquarian. (1807-1882)
- Cahill, Daniel William - Lecturer and controversialist. (1796-1864)
- Cahors, Diocese of - Comprising the entire department of Lot, in France.
- Caiaphas - Jewish High Priest.
- Caiazzo, Diocese of - Situated in the province of Caserta, Italy, amid the mountains of Tifati near the river Volturno.
- Caillau, Armand-Benjamin - Priest and writer, born at Paris, 22 October, 1794, died there, 1850.
- Cain - First-born of Adam and Eve.
- Cainites - A name used for (1) the descendants of Cain, (2) a sect of Gnostics and Antinomians.
- Caius - Third-century Christian author.
- Caius and Soter, Saints - Popes, having their feast together on 22 April.
- Caius, John - Physician and scholar. (1510-1573)
- Cajetan, Constantino - Benedictine savant. (1560-1650)
- Cajetan, Saint - Also known as St. Gaetano. Biography of the founder of the Theatines.
- Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio Gaetani - Domincan cardinal, philosopher, theologian, and exegete. (1469-1534)
- Calabozo, Diocese of - A town in the State of Miranda, Venezuela, on the River Guárico, 120 miles south-southwest of Caracas.
- Calahorra and La Calzada, Diocese of - Suffragan of Burgos, comprising almost all the province of Logroño and part of the provinces of Navarre and Soria. Calahorra.
- Calama - Titular see in Africa.
- Calancha, Fray Antonio de la - Augustinian monk. (1584-1654)
- Calas Case, The - Jean Calas was a French Calvinist, born 19 March, 1698, at La Caparède near Castres, in the department of Tarn; executed 10 March, 1762, at Toulouse.
- Calasio, Mario di - Friar Minor and lexicographer. (1550-1620)
- Calatayud, Pedro de - Jesuit missionary. (1689-1773)
- Calatrava, Military Order of - Founded in Castile, in the twelfth century, as a military branch of the great Cistercian family.
- Calcutta, Archdiocese of - Extends along the sea-coast from the Khabadak to the Mahanundi River.
- Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio - Italian anatomist and physiologist. (1725-1813)
- Caldara, Polidoro (da Caravaggio) - Italian painter. (1492-1543)
- Caldas-Barbosa, Domingo - Brazilian poet. (1740-1800)
- Calderon de la Barca, Pedro - Spanish dramatist. (1600-1681)
- Caleb - Six people with this name are described.
- Calendar, Christian - Includes history and Saint's days.
- Calendar, Jewish - Details include days, weeks, months, years, and eras.
- Calendar, Reform of the - Such alterations were too obvious to be ignored, and throughout the Middle Ages many observers both pointed them out and endeavoured to devise a remedy.
- Calepino, Ambrogio - Italian lexicographer. (1440-1510)
- Cali, Diocese of - Located in Colombia.
- Caliari, Paolo - Eminent painter of the Venetian school. (1528-1588)
- California - Includes history, population, education, resources, and religion.
- California Missions - Divided into Lower or Old California and Upper California.
- California, Vicariate Apostolic of Lower - Located in Mexico.
- Callières, Louis-Hector de - Thirteenth Governor of New France. (1646-1705)
- Callinicus - Titular see of Asia Minor.
- Callipolis - Titular see of Thrace.
- Callistus I, Pope Saint - Martyr, d. about 223. Also known as Callixtus or Calixtus.
- Callistus II, Pope - Date of birth unknown; died 13 December, 1124.
- Callistus III, Pope - Born near Valencia in Spain, 31 December, 1378; died at Rome, 6 August, 1458.
- Callot, Jacques - French etcher, engraver, and painter. (1592-1635)
- Cally, Pierre - Philosopher and theologian, b. at Mesnil-Hubert, department of Orne, France, date of birth uncertain; d. 31 December, 1709.
- Calmet, Dom Augustin - Celebrated exegetist. (1672-1757)
- Caloe - A titular see of Asia Minor.
- Caltagirone - A city in the province of Catania, Sicily, built on two eminences about 2000 feet above sea-level, connected by a bridge.
- Caltanisetta - The city is situated in a fertile plain of Sicily, on the River Salso, in the vicinity of the most extensive sulphur mines in the world.
- Calumny - Etymologically any form of ruse or fraud employed to deceive another, particularly in judicial proceedings.
- Calvaert, Dionysius - Painter. (1540-1619)
- Calvary, Congregation of Our Lady of - A congregation founded at Poitiers, in 1617, by Antoinette of Orléans-Longueville.
- Calvary, Mount - The place of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
- Calvert, Cecilius - Second Lord Baltimore. (1606-1675)
- Calvert, Charles - Third Baron of Baltimore, and Second Proprietary Governor of Maryland. (1629-1715)
- Calvert, George - First Lord Baltimore, statesman and colonizer. (1580-1632)
- Calvert, Leonard - Governor of Maryland. (1607-1647)
- Calvert, Philip - Proprietary Governor of Maryland in 1660-1661.
- Calvi and Teano, Diocese of - The ancient Cales or Calenum in the Campagna, not far from Capua.
- Calvin, John - Born at Noyon in Picardy, France, 10 July, 1509, and died at Geneva, 27 May, 1564.
- Calvinism - Calvin succeeded Luther in point of time and was committed to a struggle with Zwingli's disciples at Zurich and elsewhere, known as Sacramentarians.
- Calvinus, Justus Baronius - Convert and apologist. (1570-1606)
- Calynda - A titular see of Asia Minor.
- Camachus - A titular see in Armenia.
- Camaldolese - A joint order of hermits and cenobites, founded by St. Romuald at the beginning of the eleventh century.
- Camara y Castro, Tomás - Spanish bishop. (1847-1904)
- Camargo, Diego Muñoz - Born of a Spanish father and Indian mother soon after 1521; died at a very advanced age, the exact date unknown.
- Cambiaso, Luca - Genoese painter, b. at Moneglia near Genoa, in 1527; d. in the Escorial, Madrid, 1585.
- Cambrai, Archdiocese of - Comprises the entire Département du Nord of France.
- Cambridge, University of - Includes information on history, studies, and buildings.
- Cambysopolis - Titular see of Asia Minor.
- Camel, George Joseph - Botanist, born at Brunn, in Moravia, 21 April 1661, died in Manila, 2 May, 1706.
- Camerino, Diocese of - Situated in the Italian province of Macerata in the Apennines, about 40 miles from Ancona.
- Camerlengo - The title of certain papal officials.
- Camillus de Lellis, Saint - Biographical article on founder of a religious order devoted to care of the sick and dying.
- Camisards - Eighteenth-century French sect.
- Camões, Luis Vaz de - Epic poet, born in 1524 or 1525; died 10 June, 1580.
- Campagna, Girolamo - Sculptor born in Verona, 1552; died about 1623 or 1625.
- Campagnola, Domenico - Painter of the Venetian school, b. at Padua in 1482; date of death unascertained.
- Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette - French educator, born 6 November, 1752, at Paris; died in 1822, at Mantes.
- Campaña, Pedro - Flemish painter, known in France as Pierre de Champagne, and in Brussels as Pieter de Kempeneer (his actual name), or, as translated in Flemish, Van de Velde, b. at Brussels in 1503; d. there in 1580.
- Campanella, Tommaso - In-depth article on the strange career of the Italian anti-Aristotelian Dominican writer.
- Campani, Giuseppe - Italian optician and astronomer who lived in Rome during the latter half of the seventeenth century.
- Campbell, James - American public official. (1812-1893)
- Campeche - Diocese in the State of Campeche, Republic of Mexico, suffragan of the Archdiocese of Yucatan.
- Campeggio, Lorenzo - Cardinal, an eminent canonist, ecclesiastical diplomat, and reformer.
- Campi, Bernardino - Italian painter of the Lombard School, b. at Cremona, 1522; d. at Reggio, about 1590.
- Campi, Galeazzo - Italian painter, b. at Cremona, 1475; d. 1536.
- Campi, Giulio - Italian painter and architect, b. at Cremona about 1500; died there, 1572.
- Campo Santo de' Tedeschi - A cemetery, church, and hospice for Germans on the south side of St. Peter's, Rome.
- Camus de Pont-Carré, Jean-Pierre - French bishop, b. 3 November, 1584, at Paris; d. there 25 April, 1652.
- Cana - A city of Galilee, Palestine.
- Canaan, Canaanites - The Hebrew word Kenaan, denoting a person.
- Canada - Comprises all that part of North America north of the United States, with the exception of Newfoundland, and Labrador.
- Canada, Catholicity in - Treated under three headings: I. Period of French domination, from the discovery of Canada to the Treaty of Paris, in 1763; II. Period of British rule, from 1763 to the present day; III. Present conditions.
- Canal, José de la - Ecclesiastical historian.
- Canary Islands, The - An archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean facing the western coast of Africa.
- Canatha - A titular see of Arabia.
- Cancer de Barbastro, Luis - Dominican missionary to the New World. (d. 1549)
- Candace - Ethiopian queen.
- Candia - The residence of the Greek Metropolitan of Crete, who has seven suffragan sees, Khania, Kisamos, Rethymnon (Retimo), Sitia, Lampa, Arkadia, and Chersonesos.
- Candidus - The name of two scholars of the Carlovingian revival of letters in the ninth century.
- Candlemas - Also called: Purification of the Blessed Virgin, Feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple.
- Candles - The word candle (candela, from candeo, to burn) was introduced into the English language as an ecclesiastical term, probably as early as the eighth century.
- Candlesticks - Provides the history of their use in Christian churches.
- Canea - Formerly a titular see of Crete, suppressed by a decree of 1894.
- Canelos and Macas - Vicariate Apostolic in Ecuador, South America.
- Canes, Vincent - Friar Minor and controversialist, born on the borders of Nottingham and Leicestershire, date uncertain; died in London, June, 1672
- Canice, Saint - Irish priest, monastic founder, missionary to Scotland, d. 600.
- Canisius, Henricus - Canonist and historian, born at Nymwegen in Geldern.
- Canisius, Theodorich - Born at Nimwegen, Holland, 1532; died 27 September, 1606, at Ingolstadt.
- Cano, Alonso - Spanish painter, architect, and sculptor. (1601-1667)
- Cano, Melchior - Article by John R. Volz on the character, teachings, and life of this Dominican bishop and theologian.
- Canon - Musical term, the strictest of all contrapuntal forms.
- Canon - Ecclesiastical person.
- Canon of the Mass - Article divided into four sections: (I) Name and place of the Canon; (II) History of the Canon; (III) The text and rubrics of the Canon; (IV) Mystical interpretations.
- Canon of the New Testament - The idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning, that is from Apostolic times, has no foundation in history.
- Canon of the Old Testament - Signifies the authoritative list or closed number of the writings composed under Divine inspiration, and destined for the well-being of the Church.
- Canoness - The assistance of women in the work of the Church goes back to the earliest time, and their uniting together for community exercises was a natural development of religious worship.
- Canons and Canonesses Regular - According to St. Thomas Aquinas, a canon regular is essentially a religious cleric.
- Canons, Apostolic - A collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees concerning the government and discipline of the Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions.
- Canons, Collections of Ancient - Includes authority and methods.
- Canons, Ecclesiastical - Certain rules or norms of conduct or belief prescribed by the Church.
- Canons Regular of the Immaculate Conception - A congregation founded in the department of Isère, at Saint-Antoine, France, by the Abbé Dom Adrien Gréa.
- Canopus - A titular see of Egypt.
- Canopy - An ornamental covering of cloth, stone, wood, or metal, used to crown an altar, throne, pulpit, or statue.
- Canossa - A former castle of Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, in the foothills of the Apennines.
- Canova, Antonio - Italian sculptor. (1757-1822)
- Cantate Sunday - A name given to the fourth Sunday after Easter.
- Canterbury - The Ancient Diocese of Canterbury was the Mother-Church and Primatial See of All England, from 597 till the death of the last Catholic Archbishop, Cardinal Pole, in 1558.
- Canticle - Used in the English Catholic translation of the Bible as the equivalent of the Vulgate canticum in most, but not all, of the uses of that word; for where canticum is used for a sacred song.
- Canticle of Canticles - One of three books of Solomon, contained in the Hebrew, the Greek, and the Christian Canon of the Scriptures.
- Cantor - The chief singer (and sometimes instructor) of the ecclesiastical choir, called also precentor.
- Cantù, Cesare - Italian historian and poet, b. at Brivio, 8 December, 1807; d. at Milan, 11 March, 1895.
- Canute - King of the English, Danes, and Norwegians, b. about 994; d. at Shaftesbury, 12 November 1035.
- Canute IV, Saint - King of Denmark, martyr, d. 1086.
- Cap Haïtien - Erected by Pius IX, 3 October, 1861, in the ecclesiastical Province of Port au Prince.
- Capaccio and Vallo - Suffragan diocese of Salerno.
- Capecelatro, Alfonso - Archbishop of Capua. (1824-1912)
- Capefigue, Baptiste-Honoré-Raymond - Historian, b. at Marseilles, 1802; d. at Paris, 22 December, 1872.
- Caperolo, Pietro - Friar Minor, date of birth unknown; d. at Velletri in 1480.
- Capgrave, John - Augustinian friar, historian, and theologian, b. at Lynn in Norfolk, 21 April, 1393.
- Capharnaum - A titular see of Palestine.
- Capitolias - A titular see of Palestine, suffragan to Scythopolis in Palestina Secunda.
- Capitulations, Episcopal and Pontifical - Agreements, by which those taking part in the election of a bishop or pope imposed special conditions upon the candidate to be fulfilled by him after his election.
- Capocci, Gaetano - Italian composer. (1811-1898)
- Capponi, Gino, Count - Historian and litterateur; born at Florence, Italy, 13 September, 1792; died 3 February, 1876.
- Capranica, Domenico - Cardinal, theologian, canonist, and statesman, b. at Capranica near Palestrina, Italy, in 1400; d. at Rome, 14 July, 1458.
- Caprara, Giovanni Battista - Statesman and cardinal, born at Bologna, 29 May, 1733; died at Paris, 27 July, 1810.
- Capreolus, John - A theologian, born towards the end of the fourteenth century, (about 1380), in the diocese of Rodez, France; died in that city 6 April, 1444.
- Capsa - Titular see of North Africa.
- Captain (in the Bible) - In the Douay version captain represents several different Hebrew and Latin words, and designates both civil and military officers.
- Captivities of the Israelites - Includes the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman captivities.
- Capua - Situated in the province of Caserta, Southern Italy.
- Capuchin Friars Minor - An autonomous branch of the first Franciscan Order.
- Capuchinesses - A branch of the Poor Clares of the Primitive Observance, instituted at Naples, in 1538, by the Venerable Maria Longo.
- Capuciati - From caputium, hood - So named from the headgear which was one of their distinctive marks.
- Caquetá - Apostolic prefecture situated in South America on the southern border of the Republic of Colombia.
- Carabantes, José de - Friar Minor Capuchin and theologian, born in Aragon, in 1628; died in 1694.
- Caracalla - Roman Emperor, son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, b. 188; d. 217.
- Caracas - Located in the Republic of Venezuela, a metropolitan see with the Barquisimeto, Calabozo, Guayana, Merida, and Zulia as suffragans.
- Caraffa, Vincent - Seventh General of the Society of Jesus. (1585-1649)
- Caraites - A Jewish sect professing to follow the text of the Bible (Miqra) to the exclusion of Rabbinical traditions, and hence opposed to the Talmud.
- Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Juan - Spanish ecclesiastic and writer. (1606-1682)
- Carayon, Auguste - French author and bibliographer. (1813-1874)
- Carbery, James Joseph - Third Bishop of Hamilton, Ontario. (1823-1887)
- Carbonari - The name of a secret political society, which played an important part, chiefly in France and Italy, during the first decades of the nineteenth century.
- Carbonnelle, Ignatius - Professor of mathematics and science. (1829-1889)
- Carcassonne - Diocese comprising the entire department of Aude, and suffragan to Toulouse.
- Cardan, Girolamo - Italian physician and mathematician. (1501-1576)
- Cardenas, Juan - Moral theologian and author. (1613-1684)
- Cardica - A titular see of Thessaly.
- Cardinal - A dignitary of the Roman Church and counsellor of the pope.
- Cardinal Protector - Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, or nation.
- Cardinal Vicar - The vicar-general of the pope, as Bishop of Rome, for the spiritual administration of the city, and its surrounding district, properly known as Vicarius Urbis.
- Cardinal Virtues - The four principal virtues upon which the rest of the moral virtues turn or are hinged.
- Cardinals (1913 List) - Members of the College of Cardinals, 1913.
- Carducci, Bartolommeo and Vincenzo - Florentine painters, brothers, usually grouped under the Spanish School.
- Carem - Name of a town in the Tribe of Juda.
- Carey, Mathew - Author and publisher, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 28 January, 1760; d. in Philadelphia, U.S.A., 15 September, 1839.
- Carheil, Etienne de - French missionary among the Indians of Canada, born at Carentoir, France, November 1633; died at Quebec, 27 July, 1726.
- Cariati - Suffragan of Santa Severina.
- Caribs - Next to the Arawaks, probably the most numerous Indian stock, of more or less nomadic habits, in South America.
- Carissimi, Giacomo - Detailing his work in and composition for the Roman Catholic Church.
- Carli, Dionigi da Piacenza - Seventeenth century Capuchin missionary.
- Carlisle - The Catholic was smaller in extent than the present Anglican diocese, which was enlarged in 1856.
- Carlovingian Schools - Established under the Merovingian Kings, a school, scola palatina, the chroniclers of the eighth century styled it for the training of the young Frankish nobles in the art of war and in the ceremonies of the court.
- Carmel - Designates in the Old Testament a certain city and its adjacent territory in the tribe of Juda.
- Carmel, Mount - A well-known mountain ridge in Palestine, usually called in the Hebrew Bible Hakkarmel.
- Carmelite Order, The - One of the mendicant orders.
- Carneiro, Melchior - Missionary bishop. (d. 1583)
- Carnoy, Jean-Baptiste - Belgian biologist. (1836-1899)
- Carochi, Horacio - Jesuit missionary to Mexico. (1586-1666)
- Caroline Books - A work in four books (120 or 121 chapters), purporting to be the composition of Charlemagne, and written about 790-92.
- Caroline Islands - A group of about 500 small coral islands, east of the Philippines, in the Pacific Ocean.
- Caron, Raymond - Franciscan friar and author, b. at Athlone, Ireland, in 1605; d. at Dublin, 1666.
- Caron, Reneé-Edouard - French Canadian statesman and magistrate. (1800-1876)
- Carpaccio, Vittore - Venetian painter whose real name was Scarpazza, b. at Venice about 1455; d. in the same city between 1523 and 1526.
- Carpasia - A titular see of Cyprus. Carpasia, Karpasia, also Karpasion is said to have been founded by King Pygmalion near Cape Sarpedon.
- Carpi - Situated in the province of Modena, Central Italy.
- Carracci - Italian painter, engraver, and etcher, b. at Bologna, 16 August, 1557; d. at Parma, 22 March, 1602.
- Carranza, Bartolomé - Archbishop of Toledo; b. at Miranda de Arga, Spain, 1503; d. at Rome, 2 May, 1576.
- Carranza, Diego - Missionary among the Chontal Indians.
- Carreno de Miranda, Juan - Spanish painter, b. at Avilés in Asturia, 1614; d. at Madrid, 1685.
- Carrera, Rafael - In 1847 Carrera was, by a kind of election, made President of Guatemala, and seven years later he became dictator, that is, president for life with the right to designate his successor.
- Carrhae - A titular see of Mesopotamia.
- Carrière, Joseph - Moral theologian, thirteenth superior of the seminary and Society of Saint-Sulpice. (1795-1864)
- Carrières, Louis de - Born in the chateau de la Plesse in Avrille, Angers, France, 1 September, 1662; d. at Paris, 11 June 1717.
- Carroll, Daniel - Brother of Archbishop Carroll, b. at upper Marlboro, Maryland, U. S. A., 1733; d. at Washington, 1829.
- Carroll, John - First American bishop. (1735-1815)
- Carroll of Carrollton, Charles - American statesman. (1737-1832)
- Cartagena - The city of the same name, residence of the archbishop, is situated on an island to the north of Tierra Bomba, Colombia.
- Cartagena - Suffragan of Granada in Spain since the concordat of 1851, previously of Toledo.
- Carthage - Founded by Phoenician colonists, and long the great opponent of Rome in the duel for supremacy, was destroyed by a Roman army, 146 B.C. A little more than a century later (44 B.C.), a new city composed of Roman colonists was founded on the site.
- Carthage, Saint - Also known as Mochuda. Irish monk, priest, hermit, founder. He composed a monastic rule in Irish verse. Died in 637.
- Carthusian Order, The - The name is derived from the French chartreuse through the Latin cartusia, of which the English "charterhouse" is a corruption.
- Cartier, Georges-Etienne - French Canadian statesman, son of Jacques Cartier and Marguerite Paradis, b. at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 16 Sept., 1814; d. in London 20 May, 1873.
- Cartier, Jacques - The discoverer of Canada, b. at Saint-Malo, Brittany, in 1491; d. 1 September, 1557.
- Carvajal, Bernardino Lopez de - Cardinal, b. 1455, at Plasencia in Estremadura, Spain; d. at Rome 16 Dec., 1523.
- Carvajal, Gaspar de - Dominican missionary, b. in Estremadura, Spain, c. 1500; d. at Lima, Peru, 1584.
- Carvajal, Juan - Cardinal; b. about 1400 at Truxillo in Estremadura, Spain; d. at Rome, 6 December, 1469.
- Carvajal, Luis de - Friar Minor and Tridentine theologian, b. about 1500; the time of his death is uncertain.
- Carvajal, Luisa de - Born 2 Jan., 1568, at Jaraizejo, Spain; died 2 Jan., 1614, at London, a lady of high birth, who received from God what appears to have been a special vocation to go to England and minister to those who were suffering for the Faith.
- Carve, Thomas - Historian, b. in Co. Tipperary, Ireland, 1590; d. probably in 1672.
- Caryll, John - Poet, dramatist, and diplomatist, b. at West Harting, England, 1625; d. 1711.
- Carystus - A titular see of Greece.
- Casale Monferatto - A suffragan of Vercelli. Casale Monferrato.
- Casali, Giovanni Battista - Musician, b. at Rome in 1715; d. there 1792. From 1759 until his death he held the position of choir-master in the church of St. John Lateran.
- Casanare - Vicariate Apostolic in the Republic of Colombia, South America, administered by the Augustinians, subject to the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.
- Casanata, Girolamo - Cardinal, b. at Naples, 13 July, 1620; d. at Rome, 3 March, 1700.
- Casas, Bartolomé de las - Born at Seville, probably in 1474; d. at Madrid, 1566.
- Caserta - The capital of the province of that name in Southern Italy.
- Casey, John - Mathematician, b. at Kilkenny, Ireland, 12 May, 1820; d. at Dublin, 3 Jan, 1891.
- Casgrain, Henri Raymond - Author of French Canadian literature. (1831-1904)
- Cashel - A town in the County Tipperary, Ireland, which is also a Catholic archbishopric and the see of a Protestant bishop.
- Casimir, Saint - Prince of Poland, remained unmarried by choice, d. in 1484 at the age of 25.
- Casium - A titular see of Lower Egypt.
- Casot, Jean-Jacques - The last surviving Jesuit of the old Canada mission, born in Liège, Belgium, 4 October, 1728; died at Quebec, 16 March, 1800.
- Cassander, George - Flemish Humanist and theologian. (1513-1566)
- Cassani, Joseph - Spanish Jesuit. (1673-1686)
- Cassano all' Ionio - Suffragan of Reggio.
- Casserly, Patrick S. - Educator, b. in Ireland; d. in New York, where for many years he conducted a classical school.
- Cassian, John, Saint - Article on the monk and ascetic writer, who attempted to convey the teaching and way of life of the desert fathers and mothers to the fledgling monastic movement in Gaul.
- Cassidy, William - Journalist, essayist, critic, b. at Albany, New York, U.S.A., 12 Aug., 1815; d. there 23 Jan., 1873.
- Cassini, Giovanni Domenico - Italian astronomer. (1625-1712)
- Cassiodorus - Roman writer, statesman, and monk, b. about 490; d. about 583.
- Casson, François Dollier de - Fourth superior of Saint-Sulpice, Montreal, Canada, b. near Nantes, France, 1636; d. in 1701.
- Cassovia - Diocese in Hungary, founded in 1804 by the division of the Diocese of Agria, in the archdiocese of the same name, and the Dioceses of Cassovia and Szatmar.
- Castabala - A titular see of Asia Minor, Latin title suppressed, 1894.
- Castagno, Andrea - Florentine painter, b. near Florence, 1390; d. at Florence, 9 August, 1457.
- Castellammare di Stabia - The seat of the diocese is an industrial city, situated on the Bay of Naples, on a slope of Monte Gauro, and famous for its health-giving mineral springs.
- Castellaneta (Castania) - Suffragan of Taranto.
- Castellanos, Juan de - Soldier, priest, and epic poet, born in Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century; date of death unknown.
- Castelli, Benedetto - Mathematician and physicist; b. at Perugia, Italy, 1577; d. at Rome, 1644.
- Castelli, Pietro - Italian physician and botanist, b. at Rome in 1574; d. at Messina in 1662.
- Castello, Giovanni Battista - Italian painter, sculptor, and architect; b. at Gandino, in the Valle Seriana, in the territory of Bergamo, in 1509 (some writers state 1500 or 1506); d. at Madrid in 1579.
- Castiglione, Baldassare - Italian prose-writer, b. at Casatico, near Mantua, 6 December, 1478; died at Toledo, Spain, 7 February, 1529.
- Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio - Philologist and numismatist, b. of an ancient family at Milan, Italy, 1784; d. at Genoa, 10 April, 1849.
- Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto - Painter and etcher, b. at Genoa, Italy, 1616; d. at Mantua, 1670.
- Castile and Aragon - The united kingdom which came into existence by the marriage (1469) of Isabella, heiress of Castile, with Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Aragon.
- Castillejo, Cristóbal de - Spanish poet, b. in Ciudad Rodrigo (Salamanca), 1491; d. in Vienna, 12 June, 1556.
- Castner, Caspar - Jesuit missionary to China. (1655-1709)
- Castoria - A titular see of Macedonia.
- Castracane degli Antelminelli, Francesco - Naturalist, b. at Fano, Italy, 19 July, 1817; d. at Rome 27 March, 1899.
- Castro, Alphonsus de - Friar Minor and theologian, b. in 1495 at Zamora, Leon, Spain; d. 11 February 1558, at Brussels.
- Castro Palao, Fernando - Spanish theologian. (1581-1633)
- Castro y Bellvis, Guillen de - Spanish dramatic poet, b. of a noble family at Valencia in 1569; d. at Madrid in 1631.
- Casuistry - The application of general principles of morality to definite and concrete cases of human activity, for the purpose, primarily, of determining what one ought to do, or ought not to do, or what one may do or leave undone as one pleases; and for the purpose, secondarily, of deciding whether and to what extent guilt or immunity from guilt follows on an action already posited.
- Caswall, Edward - Oratorian and poet, b. 15 July 1814, at Yately, Hampshire, of which place his father, the Rev. R. C. Caswall, was vicar; d. at the Oratory, Birmingham, 2 January, 1878.
- Catacombs, Roman - The subject is covered under the headings: I. Position; II. History; III. Inscriptions; IV. Paintings; V. Sarcophagi; VI. Small Objects Found in the Catacombs; and VII. Catacombs outside Rome.
- Catafalque - Derived from the Italian word catafalco, literally means a scaffold or elevation, but in its strictly liturgical sense the word is employed to designate the cenotaph-like erection which is used at the exequial offices of the Church, and takes the place of the bier whenever the remains are not present.
- Catalani, Giuseppe - A Roman liturgist of the eighteenth century, member of the Oratory of San Girolamo della Carita (Hieronymite), famous for his correct editions of the chief liturgical books of the Roman Church, which are still in habitual use, and which he enriched with scholarly commentaries illustrative of the history, rubrics, and canon law of the Roman Liturgy.
- Catalonia - A principality within the Spanish Monarchy.
- Catania - A seaport and capital of the province of the same name in Sicily, situated on the eastern side of Mount Etna.
- Catanzaro - Suffragan of Reggio.
- Catechumen - In the early Church, was the name applied to one who had not yet been initiated into the sacred mysteries, but was undergoing a course of preparation for that purpose.
- Categorical Imperative - A term which originated in Immanuel Kant's ethics.
- Category - The term was transferred by Aristotle from its forensic meaning (procedure in legal accusation) to its logical use as attribution of a subject.
- Catenæ - Collections of excerpts from the writings of Biblical commentators, especially the Fathers and early ecclesiastical writers, strung together like the links of a chain, and in this way exhibiting a continuous and connected interpretation of a given text of Scripture.
- Cathari - From the Greek katharos, pure, literally "puritans", a name specifically applied to, or used by, several sects at various periods.
- Cathedra - Three uses of the word are detailed.
- Cathedral - The chief church of a diocese.
- Cathedraticum - A certain sum of money to be contributed annually for the support of the bishop, as a mark of honour and in sign of subjection to the cathedral church, hence its name.
- Catherick, Venerable Edmund - Priest and martyr, born probably in Lancashire about 1605; executed at York, 13 April, 1642.
- Catherine de' Medici - Born 13 April, 1519; died 5 January, 1589; she was the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici (II), Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d' Auvergne who, by her mother, Catherine of Bourbon, was related to the royal house of France.
- Catherine de' Ricci, Saint - Biography of the cloistered Third Order Dominican nun, mystic, who died in 1590.
- Catherine, Monastery of Saint - Situated on Mount Sinai, in a gorge below the Jebel-Musa, the reputed Mountain of the Law.
- Catherine of Alexandria, Saint - Article on the virgin and martyr. In the Middle Ages, one of the most popular saints.
- Catherine of Bologna, Saint - Short biography of this Poor Clare, mystic, and writer, who died in 1463.
- Catherine of Genoa, Saint - Biography of the mystic and author, who died in 1510.
- Catherine of Siena, Saint - Third Order Dominican, hermit, reformer, mystic, d. 1380. Biographical article by Edmund G. Gardner.
- Catherine of Sweden, Saint - Daughter of St. Bridget of Sweden. Widow, pilgrim, superior of the Brigittine motherhouse, d. 1381. Biographical article.
- Catholic - The combination "the Catholic Church" (he katholike ekklesia) is found for the first time in the letter of St. Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, written about the year 110.
- Catholic Benevolent Legion - A fraternal assessment life-insurance society organized in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A., 5 September, 1881.
- Catholic Club of New York - A social organization described by its constitution as a club which "shall consist of Catholic gentlemen who are governed by a spirit of devotion to the Church and fidelity to the Holy Father".
- Catholic Epistle - The name given to the Epistle of St. James, to that of St. Jude, to two Epistles of St. Peter and the first three of St. John, because, unlike the Epistles of St. Paul, they were addressed not to any particular person or church, but to the faithful generally after the manner of an Encyclical letter.
- Catholic Knights of America - A fraternal life-insurance company chartered under the laws of the State of Kentucky, U.S.A. It was founded in Nashville, Tennessee by James J. McLoughlin, D.N. Burke, John Broderick, and John MeDonald.
- Catholic Missionary Union - The corporate name of a society whose directors are chosen from among the bishops of the United States, the seminaries, the parishes and the missionary organizations of that country, its purpose being to engage priests and lay-men as missionaries to non-Catholics in the United States, to provide for their maintenance, to distribute Catholic literature, and in every way to assist the bishops in establishing and carrying on home missions in their various jurisdictions.
- Catholic University of America - A pontifical institution located in Washington, D.C. It comprises the Schools of the Sacred Sciences, Philosophy, Law, Letters, and Science, each of which includes several departments.
- Catholic University of Ireland - The project was launched at the Synod of Thurles in 1850.
- Catholicos - The ecclesiastical title of the Nestorian and Armenian patriarchs.
- Catrou, François - French historian, b. at Paris, 28 December, 1659; d. there 12 October, 1737.
- Cattaro - Suffragan of Zara.
- Cauchy, Augustin-Louis - French mathematician, b. at Paris, 21 August, 1789; d. at Sceaux, 23 May, 1857.
- Caughnawaga - Also known as Sault St. Louis. An Iroquois reservation, situated on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, about ten miles above Montreal.
- Caulet, François-Etienne - A French bishop and Jansenist, b. at Toulouse, 1610; d. at Pamiers, 1680.
- Caunus - A titular see of Asia Minor. Kaunos was said to have been founded by Kaunos, son of Miletos and Kyane, on the southern coast of Caria, opposite Rhodes, and was known as Rhodian Peraea, at the foot of Mount Tarbelos.
- Cause - Cause, as the correlative of effect, is understood as being that which in any way gives existence to, or contributes towards the existence of, any thing; which produces a result; to which the origin of any thing is to be ascribed.
- Caussin, Nicolas - French Jesuit preacher and moralist. (1583-1651)
- Cavagnis, Felice - Canonist, b. in Bordogna, Diocese of Bergamo, Italy, 13 January, 1841; d. at Rome, 29 December, 1906.
- Cavalieri, Bonaventura - Italian mathematician, b. at Milan in 1598; d. at Bologna, 3 December, 1647.
- Cavanagh, James - Soldier, b. in County Tipperary, Ireland, 1831; d. in New York, 7 January, 1901.
- Cavazzi, Giovanni Antonio - Of Montecucolo, a Capuchin friar of the province of Bologna, date of birth uncertain; died at Genoa, 1692.
- Cavedoni, Celestino - Italian ecclesiastic, archæologist, and numismatist; b. 18 May, 1795, at Levizzano-Rangone, near Modena; d. 26 November, 1865, at Modena.
- Cavo, Andres - A writer frequently quoted on Spanish-Mexican history; b. at Guadalajara in Mexico, 21 January, 1729, he entered the Society of Jesus, 14 January, 1758, and went to Italy with the other members of the order after their expulsion from Mexico in 1767.
- Caxton, William - Born in the Weald of Kent, c. 1422; died at Westminster, 1491; the first English printer and the introducer of the art of printing into England.
- Cayes - Diocese in the republic of Haiti, suffragan to Port-au-Prince.
- Caylus, Comte de - French archaeologist, b. at Paris, in 1692; d. in 1765.
- Cazeau, Charles-Félix - French-Canadian priest. (1807-1881)
- Ceadda, Saint - Commonly known as St. Chad. Seventh-century bishop of Lichfield.
- Cebú - Located in the Philippine Islands. Cebú, the diocesan city, spelled also Sebú and Zebú, in the province of the same name.
- Cecilia, Saint - Virgin and martyr; patroness of church music.
- Cedar - The name of the second son of Ismael (Gen., xxv, 13; I Par., i, 29); also of an Arabian tribe descended from him, and of the territory occupied by it.
- Cedar - A coniferous tree frequently mentioned in the Bible.
- Cedd, Saint - Brother of St. Chad (Ceadda) and bishop of the East Saxons, d. 664.
- Cedes - A Levitical city and place of refuge in Nephtali and a Levitical city of Issachar assigned to the family of Gersom.
- Cedron, Brook of - The name designates in Holy Writ the ravine on the east of Jerusalem, between the Holy City and the Mount of Olives.
- Cefalù - The city of the same name in the province of Palermo, in Sicily (Italy), is situated nearly in the centre of the northern coast of the island.
- Ceillier, Rémi - Patrologist, b. at Bar-le-Duc, 14 May, 1688; d. at Flavigny, 26 May, 1763.
- Celebret - A letter which a bishop gives to a priest, that he may obtain permission in another diocese to say Mass, and for this purpose bears testimony that he is free from canonical censures.
- Celenderis - A port and fortress in Isauria, founded by the Phoenicians or, according to legend, by Sandacos, son of Astynoös and grandson of Phaethon.
- Celestine I, Pope Saint - Excommunicated Nestorius, sent St. Patrick to Ireland, d. 432.
- Celestine II, Pope - Reigned 1143-1144.
- Celestine IV, Pope - Reigned October-November 1241.
- Celestine Order - Also called the Hermits of St. Damian or Hermits of Murrone.
- Celestine V, Pope Saint - Benedictine priest and hermit, d. 1296.
- Celestines - The name given to certain extreme "Spiritual" Franciscans of the Marches, because they were taken by Celestine V under his special protection.
- Celibacy of the Clergy - The renunciation of marriage implicitly or explicitly made, for the more perfect observance of chastity, by all those who receive the Sacrament of Orders in any of the higher grades.
- Cella - One of the names by which the small memorial chapels sometimes erected in the Christian cemeteries of the first age were known.
- Cellier, Elizabeth - A noted London midwife, who came into prominence through the pretended "Meal-Tub Plot" of 1680.
- Celsus the Platonist - An eclectic Platonist and polemical writer against Christianity, who flourished towards the end of the second century.
- Celtes, Conrad - German Humanist, b. at Wipfeld in Lower Franconia, 1 February, 1459; d. at Vienna, 4 February, 1508.
- Celtic Rite, The - The term "Celtic Rite" is generally, but rather indefinitely, applied to the various rites in use in Great Britain, Ireland, perhaps in Brittany, and sporadically in Northern Spain, and in the monasteries which resulted from the Irish missions of St. Columbanus in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, at a time when rites other than the then existing rite of Rome were used, wholly or partially, in those places.
- Cemeteries - The word coemeterium or cimiterium (in Gr. koimeterion) may be said in early literature to be used exclusively of the burial places of Jews and Christians.
- Cemeteries, Early Roman Christian - This article treats briefly of the individual catacomb cemeteries in the vicinity of Rome.
- Cemeteries in Law - Includes information concerning the laws in the United States and Canada.
- Cenacle, Religious of the - The Society of Our Lady of the Cenacle was founded in 1826, at La Louvesc in France, near the tomb of St. John Francis Regis.
- Cenalis, Robert - Bishop, historian, and controversialist, b. in Paris, 1483; d. there, 1560.
- Ceneda - Situated in the province of Treviso, in former Venetian territory, on a declivity of the Rhaetian Alps.
- Censer - A vessel suspended by chains, and used for burning incense at solemn Mass, Vespers, Benediction, processions, and other important offices of the Church.
- Censorship of Books - Either ecclesiastical or civil, according as it is practiced by the spiritual or secular authority, and it may be exercised in two ways, viz.: before the printing or publishing of a work, by examining it (censura prævia); and after the printing or publishing, by repressing or prohibiting it (censura repressiva).
- Censures, Ecclesiastical - Medicinal and spiritual punishments imposed by the Church on a baptized, delinquent, and contumacious person, by which he is deprived, either wholly of in part, of the use of certain spiritual goods, until he recover from his contumacy.
- Censures, Theological - Doctrinal judgments by which the Church stigmatizes certain teachings detrimental to faith or morals.
- Census - A canonical term variously defined by different writers.
- Central Verein of North America, German Roman Catholic - The origin dates back to 1854, in which year the presidents of three German Catholic benevolent societies of Buffalo, new York, issued a call to various German Catholic societies for the purpose for forming a central body.
- Centre (Party), The - This name is given to a political party in the German Reichstag and to a number of parties in the diets of the various states of the German Empire.
- Centuriators of Magdeburg - A group of Lutheran scholars who had gathered at Magdeburg, and who are now known to history as the "Centuriators of Magdeburg" because of the way in which they divided their work (century by century) and the place in which the first five volumes were written.
- Centurion - A Roman officer commanding a century or company, the strength of which varied from fifty to one hundred men.
- Ceolfrid, Saint - Anglo-Saxon Benedictine, abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, d. 716.
- Ceolwulf - King of Northumbria and monk of Lindisfarne, date and place of birth not known; died at Lindisfarne, 764.
- Cepeda, Francisco - A very active missionary among the Indians, born in the province of La Mancha, 1532; died at Guatemala, 1602.
- Ceramus - A titular see of Asia Minor.
- Cerasus - A titular see of Pontus Polemoniacus in Asia Minor.
- Ceremonial - The book which contains in detail the order of religious ceremony and solemn worship prescribed to be observed in ecclesiastical functions.
- Ceremony - In liturgy, an external action, gesture, or movement which accompanies the prayers and public exercise of divine worship.
- Cerinthus - A Gnostic-Ebionite heretic, contemporary with St. John; against whose errors on the divinity of Christ the Apostle is said to have written the Fourth Gospel.
- Certitude - The word indicates both a state of mind and a quality of a proposition, according as we say, "I am certain", or, "It is certain".
- Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de - Spanish author. (1547-1616)
- Cervantes, Salazar Francisco - One of the first professors of the University of Mexico, born at Toledo, Spain, probably in 1513 or 1514; went to Mexico in 1550; died there in 1575.
- Cervia - Suffragan of Ravenna.
- Cesalpino, Andrea - Article by Joseph Rompel dwells upon Cesalpino's botanical accomplishments as well as his philosophical positions.
- César de Bus, Blessed - Priest, founder of two religious congregations dedicated to teaching Christian doctrine, died 1607.
- Cesarini, Giuliano - Born at Rome, 1398; died at Varna, in Bulgaria 10 November, 1444.
- Cesena - The ancient Cæsena is a city of Emilia, in the province of Forli (Italy), in the former States of the Church.
- Ceslaus, Saint - Polish Dominican, d. about 1242.
- Cestra - Titular see of Asia Minor.
- Ceva, Thomas - Mathematician. (1648-1737)
- Ceylon (Sri Lanka) - An island to the south-east of India and separated from it only by a chain of reefs and sand-banks called Adam's Bridge.
- Chachapoyas - Diocese in Peru.
- Chadwick, James - Irish bishop. (1813-1882)
- Chaignon, Pierre - French Jesuit. (1791-1883)
- Chair of Peter - From the earliest times the Church at Rome celebrated on 18 January the memory of the day when the Apostle held his first service with the faithful of the Eternal City.
- Chalcedon - A titular see of Asia Minor. The city was founded 676 B. C. by the Megarians on the Bithynian coast, opposite the place where a little later Byzantium rose.
- Chalcedon, Council of - The Fourth Ecumenical Council, held in 451, from 8 October until 1 November inclusive, at Chalcedon, a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor.
- Chaldean Christians - The name of former Nestorians now reunited with the Roman Church.
- Chalice - Occupies the first place among sacred vessels, and by a figure of speech the material cup is often used as if it were synonymous with the Precious Blood itself.
- Challoner, Richard - Bishop of Debra, Vicar Apostolic of the London District, author of spiritual and controversial works, b. 29 Sept., 1691; d. 12 Jan., 1781.
- Châlons-sur-Marne - The Diocese comprises the department of Marne, exclusive of the arrondissement of Reims.
- Cham, Chamites - Son of Noe and progenitor of one of the three great races of men whose ethnographical table is given by Genesis 10.
- Chambéry - In 1467, in the ducal chapel built for the Holy Winding-Sheet (Santo Sudario) by Amadeus IX, duke of Savoy, and the Duchess Yolande of France, Paul II erected a chapter directly subject to the Holy See, and his successor Sixtus IV, united this chapter with the deanery of Savoy.
- Champlain, Samuel de - Founder of Quebec. (1570-1635)
- Champney, Anthony - Controversialist. (1569-1643)
- Champollion, Jean-François - A biography of the French Orientalist renowned for deciphering hieroglyphics through the triple inscription on the Rosetta Stone.
- Champs, Etienne Agard de - Theologian and author. (1613-1701)
- Chanca, Diego Alvarez - A physician-in-ordinary to Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile and Aragon; dates of birth and death uncertain.
- Chancel - Part of the choir near the altar of a church, where the deacons or sub-deacons stand to assist the officiating priest.
- Changanacherry - Vicariate Apostolic in Travancore, India.
- Chantelou, Claude - Patristic scholar, born in 1617, at Vion, in the present Diocese of Le Mans, France; died 28 November, 1664, at the Monastery of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in Paris.
- Chantry - The endowment of one or more priests to say or sing Mass for the soul of the endower, or for the souls of persons named by him, and also, in the greater number of cases, to perform certain other offices, such as those of choir member in a collegiate church or cathedral, or of curate in outlying districts, or of chaplain in hospitals and jails, or of schoolmaster or librarian.
- Chapeauville, Jean - Belgian theologian and historian, b. at Liège, 5 January, 1551; d. there 11 May 1617.
- Chapel - When St. Martin divided his military cloak (cappa) and gave half to the beggar at the gate of Amiens, he wrapped the other half round his shoulders, thus making of it a cape (capella). This cape, or its representative, was afterwards preserved as a relic and accompanied the Frankish kings in their wars, and the tent which sheltered it became known also as cappella or capella. In this tent Mass was celebrated by the military chaplains (capellani). When at rest in the palace the relic likewise gave its name to the oratory where it was kept, and subsequently any oratory where Mass and Divine service were celebrated was called capella, chapelle, chapel.
- Chapelle, Placide-Louis - Archbishop of New Orleans, U.S.A., b. at Runes Lozère, France, 28 August, 1842; d. at New Orleans, 9 August, 1905.
- Chaplain - Discusses the types including court, beneficed, parochial, domestic, pontifical, and military.
- Chaptal, Jean-Antoine - Comte de Chanteloup, technical chemist and statesman; b. Nogaret, Lozère, France, 4 June, 1756; d. Paris, 30 July, 1832.
- Chapter - Designates certain corporate ecclesiastical bodies, said to be derived from the chapter of the rule book, which it was the custom to read in the assemblies of monks.
- Chapter House - A building attached to a monastery or cathedral in which the meetings of the chapter are held.
- Character - A consideration of the term as it is used in psychology and ethics.
- Character, Sacramental - Indicates a special effect produced by three of the sacraments, viz. Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy orders.
- Charadrus - A titular see of Asia Minor.
- Chardon, Jean-Baptiste - Indian missionary in Canada, and in the Louisiana territory, born at Bordeaux, France, 27 April, 1672; died at Quebec, 11 April, 1743.
- Chardon, Mathias - A learned French Benedictine of the Congregation of the Saint-Vannes, b. at Yvoi-Varignan in the present department of Ardennes, France, 22 September, 1695; d. at the monastery of St-Arnold in Metz, 21 October, 1771.
- Charette de la Contrie, Baron Athanase-Charles-Marie - French monarchist. (1832-1911)
- Chariopolis - A titular see of Thrace.
- Charismata - The spiritual graces and qualifications granted to every Christian to perform his task in the Church.
- Charitable Bequests, Civil Law Concerning - A charity, in the legal sense of the term, may be defined as a gift to be applied consistently with existing laws, for the benefit of an indefinite number of persons, either by bringing their minds or hearts under the influence of education or religion, by relieving their bodies from disease, suffering, or constraint, by assisting them to establish themselves in life, or by erecting and maintaining public buildings or works or otherwise lessening the burdens of the government.
- Charity and Charities - In its widest and highest sense, charity includes love of God as well as love of man.
- Charity, Congregation of the Brothers of - Founded in Belgium, the rule and constitutions were approved and confirmed by Pope Leo XIII, 4 July, 1899.
- Charity, Sisters of, of Jesus and Mary - A congregation founded in 1803 by Canon Triest, who was known as "the St. Vincent de Paul of Belgium", because he was the founder as well of the Brothers of St. John of God, and the Sisters of the Infant Jesus.
- Charity, Sisters of, of Our Lady Mother of Mercy - A congregation founded in Holland in 1832 by the Rev. John Zwijsen, pastor of Tilburg, aided by Mary M. Leijsen, for the instruction of children and the betterment of a people deprived of spiritual aid by the disastrous effects of the Reformation.
- Charity, Sisters of, of Providence - More accurately, Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Poor, founded in Montreal, Canada, by Bishop Bourget and Madame Jean Baptiste Gamelin (Marie Emélie Eugénie Tavernier), 25 March, 1843.
- Charity, Sisters of, of St. Elizabeth - A community founded at Newark, in 1859, by Mother Mary Xavier Mehegan, who for twelve years previously had been a member of the Sisters of Charity, of St. Vincent de Paul in New York.
- Charity, Sisters of, of St. Louis - Founded at Vannes in Brittany, in 1803, by Madame Molé, née de Lamoignan, for the education of poor girls, at the suggestion of Bishop de Pancemont, of Vannes, who was her director.
- Charity, Sisters of, of St. Paul - These sisters who now add "Of Chartres" to their title to distinguish them from another congregation of the same name, were founded at Chartres in 1704 by Monsignor Maréchaut, a theologian of the Cathedral of Chartres, assisted by Mlle de Tilly and Mlle de Tronche.
- Charity, Sisters of, of St. Vincent de Paul - A congregation of women with simple vows, founded in 1633 and devoted to corporal and spiritual works of mercy.
- Charity, Sisters of, of St. Vincent de Paul (New York) - Motherhouse at Mt. St. Vincent-on Hudson, New York; not to be confused with the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul founded earlier.
- Charity, Sisters of, of the Blessed Virgin Mary - A congregation begun by five young women in Dublin, Ireland, 8 December, 1831, with the purpose of devoting themselves to the service of God in the education of children.
- Charity, Sisters of, (St. John, New Brunswick) - Founded in 1854 by Bishop, subsequently Archbishop, Connolly.
- Charlemagne - Biography of the emperor covering his political, military, and religious entanglements.
- Charlemagne and Church Music - Charlemagne's interest in church music and solicitude for its propagation and adequate performance throughout his empire, have never been equalled by any civil ruler either before or since his time.
- Charles Borromeo, Saint - Biographical article on the Archbishop of Milan, Cardinal, a leading light of the Catholic Reformation.
- Charles Garnier, Saint - Short biography of the Jesuit missionary and martyr.
- Charles Joseph Eugene de Mazenod, Saint - Short biography of the bishop of Marseilles and founder of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate.
- Charles Mahony, Blessed - Irish Franciscan priest who was executed at Ruthin in Wales in 1679. Short article includes a statement by the martyr.
- Charles Martel - French monarch, born about 688; died at Quierzy on the Oise, 21 October, 741.
- Charles V, Emperor - Born at Ghent, 1500; died at Yuste, in Spain, 1558; was a descendant of the house of Hapsburg, and to this descent owed his sovereignty over so many lands that it was said of him that the sun never set on his dominions.
- Charleston - The Diocese of Charleston (Carolopolitana) comprises the entire state of South Carolina, U.S.A.
- Charlevoix, François-Xavier - Historian, b. at St-Quentin, France, 24 October, 1682, d. at La Flèche, 1 February, 1761.
- Charlottetown - Diocese includes all Prince Edward Island (formerly called St. John's Island), the smallest province of the dominion of Canada.
- Charpentier, François-Philippe - French engraver, inventor, and mechanician, b. at Blois, 1734; d. there 22 July, 1817.
- Charron, Pierre - Article by Charles B. Schrantz notes this French thinker's impact and the regrettable superficiality of his thought.
- Charterhouse - From the fact that St. Bruno founded the first house of his austere order at Chartreux, near Grenoble, the institution has ever since been known by the name of that place.
- Chartier, Alain - French poet. (1390-1440)
- Chartres - Diocese in France. Comprises the department of Eure-et-Loir.
- Chartreuse, La Grande - The mother-house of the Carthusian Order lies in a high valley of the Alps of Dauphine.
- Chartulary - A medieval manuscript volume or roll (rotulus) containing transcriptions of original documents relating to the foundation, privileges, and legal rights of ecclesiastical establishments, municipal corporations, industrial associations, institutions of learning, and private families.
- Chastellain, Georges - Burgundian chronicler, born in the County of Alost, Flanders, in 1403; died at Valenciennes in 1475.
- Chastellain, Pierre - Missionary among the Huron Indians, born at Senlis, France, in 1606; died at Quebec, 14 August, 1684.
- Chastity - The virtue which excludes or moderates the indulgence of the sexual appetite.
- Chasuble - Called in Latin casula planeta or pænula, and in early Gallic sources amphibalus, the principal and most conspicuous Mass vestment, covering all the rest.
- Chateaubriand, François-René - French writer, b. at Saint-Malo, Brittany, 4 September, 1768; d. at Paris, 4 July, 1848.
- Chatham - The Diocese comprises the northern half of the Province of New Brunswick, Canada, i.e., the counties of Gloucester, Madawaska, Northumberland, Restigouche, Victoria, and the part of Kent north of the Richibucto River.
- Chaucer, Geoffrey - Summary of the author's life and literary contributions.
- Chaumonot, Pierre-Joseph - Jesuit missionary in North America. (1611-1693)
- Chauncy, Maurice - Prior of the English Carthusians at Bruges. (d. 1581)
- Chauveau, Pierre-Joseph-Octave - Canadian statesman. (1820-1890)
- Chelm and Belz - A diocese of the Greek-Ruthenian Rite in Russian Poland, subject directly to the Holy See, and formerly a suffragan of Kiijow.
- Cheminais de Montaigu, Timoléon - Pulpit orator. (1652-1689)
- Cherokee Indians - The largest and most important tribe of Iroquoian stock of the southern section of the United States, and formerly holding the whole southern Alleghany mountain region of North and South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee, with considerable portions of Alabama, Virginia and Kentucky.
- Chersonesus - The name for both a titular see of Crete and a titular see of Thrace, and suffragan to Heracleia.
- Cherubim - Angelic beings or symbolic representations thereof, mentioned frequently in the Old Testament and once in the New Testament.
- Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore - Article with biographical details emphasizing religious music and his time away from its composition.
- Chester - Located in England. Though the See of Chester, schismatically created by Henry VIII in 1541, was recognized by the Holy See only for the short space of Queen Mary's reign, the city had in earlier times possessed a bishop and a cathedral, though only intermittently.
- Cheverus, Jean-Louis Lefebvre de - First Bishop of Boston, U.S.A., Bishop of Montauban; Archbishop of Bordeaux, France, and Cardinal, b. at Mayenne, France, 28 January, 1768; d. at Bordeaux 19 July, 1836.
- Chevreul, Michel-Eugène - Chemist, physicist, and philosopher, b. at Angers, France, 31 August, 1786; d. at Paris, 9 April, 1889.
- Cheyenne - Diocese established 9 August, 1887.
- Chézy, Antoine-Léonard - French Orientalist. (1773-1832)
- Chiabrera, Gabriello - Italian poet. (1552-1638)
- Chiapas - The Diocese comprises almost the entire state of that name in the Republic of Mexico. San Cristobal Las Casas, formerly called Ciudad Real, is the episcopal seat, and is the principal city of the state.
- Chiavari - Suffragan of Genoa. A city of the province of Genoa in Northern Italy, situated on a little bay of the Gulf of Genoa.
- Chibchas - In the beginning of the sixteenth century they occupied what is now the departments of Boyaca and Cundinamarca with, possible, a few outlying settlements.
- Chicago, Archdiocese of - Diocese created 28 November, 1842; raised to the rank of an archdiocese, 10 September, 1880.
- Chichele, Henry - Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Higham Ferrers, Northamptonshire, England, 1362; d. at Oxford, 12 April, 1441.
- Chichester - Ancient Catholic Diocese. This see took its rise in consequence of the decree passed at the Council of London in 1075, requiring all bishoprics to be removed from villages to towns.
- Chicoutimi - Diocese created, 28 May, 1878, a part of the civil and ecclesiastical Province of Quebec.
- Chieregati, Francesco - Papal nuncio, b. at Vicenza, 1479; d. at Bologna, 6 December, 1539.
- Chieti - Archdiocese with the perpetual administration of Vasto.
- Chihuahua - Diocese in the north of Mexico, comprises the state of Chihuahua.
- Chilapa - Diocese suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico, comprises the state of Guerrero, in the south of Mexico.
- Children of Mary - The Sodality of Children of Mary Immaculate owes its origin to the manifestation of the Virgin Immaculate of the Miraculous Medal, on which the Church has placed a seal, by appointing the twenty-seventh of November as its feast.
- Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart, The - A Sodality of the Blessed Virgin, founded by Mother Barat of the Society of the Sacred Heart, in the Parish school about 1818, almost simultaneously with the convent itself.
- Chile - A comparatively narrow strip of coast-land in South America between the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Andes Mountains on the east, including the watershed.
- Chimalpain, Domingo (San Anton y Muñon) - A Mexican Indian of the second half of the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries, who received a liberal education in the colleges for Indians of Mexico City under the direction of the clergy.
- China - Includes history, government, education, and religion.
- China, History of - Discusses the origin of the Chinese.
- China, The Church in - The introduction of Christianity into China has been ascribed not only to the Apostle of India, St. Thomas, but also to St. Bartholomew.
- Chinooks - An Aboriginal tribe of the extreme northwest of the United States.
- Chioggia (Chiozza) - A sea-coast city in the province of Venice. In antiquity it was known as Fossa Clodia; in the Middle Ages as Clugia.
- Chios - One of the Sporades in the Ægean Sea.
- Chippewa Indians - The popular name is a corruption of Ojibwa, a name of uncertain etymology, but generally supposed to refer to the "puckered up" appearance of the seam along the front of the tribal moccasin.
- Chiusi-Pienza - Suffragan of Siena.
- Chivalry - Considered from three points of view: the military, the social, and the religious.
- Choctaw Indians - An important tribe or confederacy of Muskogean stock formerly holding most of Southern Alabama and Mississippi, with adjoining portions of Louisiana.
- Choir - Church architecture term. Strictly speaking, the choir is that part of the church where the stalls of the clergy are.
- Choir - A body of singers entrusted with the musical parts of the Church service, and organized and instructed for that purpose.
- Choiseul du Plessis-Praslin, Gilbert - French bishop, b. 1613; d. at Paris, 31 December, 1689.
- Choiseul, Etienne-François, Duc de - French statesman, b. 28 June, 1719; d. in Paris 8 May, 1785.
- Cholonec, Pierre - French missionary to Canadian Indians. (1641-1723)
- Chorepiscopi - A name originally given in the Eastern Church to bishops whose jurisdiction was confined to rural districts.
- Choron, Alexandre-Etienne - French musician and teacher of music. (1772-1834)
- Chrism - A mixture of oil of olives and balsam, blessed by a bishop in a special manner and used in the administration of certain sacraments and in the performance of certain ecclesiastical functions.
- Chrismal, Chrismatory - Formerly used to designate the sheath, or cloth-covering (theca) in which relics were wrapped up.
- Chrismarium - A place in a church set apart for the administration of confirmation.
- Christ, Order of the Knights of - A military order which sprang out of the famous Order of the Temple.
- Christchurch - Its centre being Christchurch, the Capital of Canterbury, New Zealand. Diocese comprises the provinces of Canterbury and Westland, a small portion of the Province of Nelson, and the Chatham Islands.
- Christendom - In its wider sense this term is used to describe the part of the world which is inhabited by Christians.
- Christian - First Bishop of Prussia, d. 1245.
- Christian Archæology - That branch of the science which is the study of ancient Christian monuments.
- Christian Art - Also called ecclesiastical art.
- Christian Brothers of Ireland - An institute founded at Waterford, Ireland, in 1802, by Edmund Ignatius Rice, a merchant of that city.
- Christian Charity, Sisters of - Also called Daughters of the Immaculate Conception, an institute for teaching poor schools and for the care of the blind, founded at Paderborn, Germany, on August, 1849, by Pauline von Mallinckrodt (b. 3 June, 1817, at Minden, Westphalia; d. 30 April, 1881), sister to the famous Hermann von Mallinckrodt.
- Christian Doctrine, Confraternity of - An association established at Rome in 1562 for the purpose of giving religions instruction.
- Christian Instruction, Brothers of - A congregation founded in 1817 at Saint-Brieuc, Côtes-du-Nord, France, by Jean-Marie-Robert de la Mennais (b. 1780; d. 1860), for the instruction of youth.
- Christian Knowledge, Society for Promoting - A society within the Church of England.
- Christian Retreat, Congregation of - There are two branches of this congregation, the Fathers of Christian Retreat and the Sisters. It was founded on the 19th of November, 1789, at Fontenelle, Doubs, France, by Father Antoine-Silvestre Receveur, who was declared Venerable in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII.
- Christianity - An account is given of Christianity as a religion, describing its origin, its relation to other religions, its essential nature and chief characteristics, but not dealing with its doctrines in detail nor its history as a visible organization.
- Christina Alexandra - Queen of Sweden. Biographical article by P. Wittman.
- Christine de Pisan - Biography, including a list of her major poetic and historical works.
- Christine of Stommeln, Blessed - A visionary at a very early age, became a Beguine, d. 1312.
- Christmas - Provides a detailed overview of the holiday from the fourth century through the modern age. Includes links to related topics.
- Christopher Bales, Blessed - English priest, who was tortured and martyred less than three years after ordination. Also mentions fellow martyrs Nicholas Horner and Alexander Blake.
- Christopher Buxton, Blessed - Priest who was martyred at Canterbury in 1588, together with Robert Wilcox and Edward Campion.
- Christopher Numar of Forli - Minister General of the Friars Minor and cardinal. (d. 1528)
- Christopher, Pope - Reigned 903-904.
- Christopher Robinson, Blessed - Wrote an account of the martyrdom of St. John Boste. Was himself martyred for being a priest, in 1598.
- Christopher, Saint - Article on this martyr, probably of the third century. Although Christopher has been a center of popular legend since the sixth century, all that can be known for certain is that he was a great martyr.
- Christopher Wharton, Blessed - Biography of the English priest and martyr, who died in 1600.
- Chrodegang, Saint - Bishop of Metz, d. 766.
- Chromatius, Saint - Bishop of Aquileia, anti-Arian theologian, tried to reconcile Rufinus and Jerome, d. 406 or 407.
- Chronicon Paschale - The name ordinarily given to a valuable Byzantine chronicle of the world written in the seventh century, so designated because, like many other chronicles of the Middle Ages, it follows a system of Christian chronology based on the paschal canon, or cycle.
- Chronology, Biblical - Deals with the dates of the various events recorded in the Bible.
- Chronology, General - Mathematical chronology determines the units to be employed in measuring time, and historical chronology which fixes in the general course of time the position of any particular occurrence, or, as it is generally termed, its date.
- Chrysanthus and Daria, Saints - Martyrs at Rome, perhaps in 283 or 284.
- Chrysogonus, Saint - Martyr at Aquileia, probably during the Diocletian persecution.
- Chrysopolis - A titular see of Roman Arabia.
- Chur - Comprises at present the Swiss Cantons of Graubünden (Grisons), Glarus, Zürich, Unterwalden, and Uri, as well as the little Principality of Lichtenstein.
- Church Maintenance - The proper support of church edifices and church institutions.
- Church, The - The term church is the name employed in the Teutonic languages to render the Greek ekklesia (ecclesia), the term by which the New Testament writers denote the society founded by Jesus Christ.
- Churching of Women - A blessing given by the Church to mothers after recovery from childbirth.
- Chusai - The Arachite, i.e. the native of Archi, a place south of the portion of Ephraim, near Bethel.
- Chytri - A titular see of Cyprus.
- Ciampini, Giovanni Giustino - Ecclesiastical archæologist. (1633-1698)
- Ciasca, Agostino - Italian Augustinian and cardinal. (1835-1902)
- Ciborium - A chalice-like vessel used to contain the Blessed Sacrament.
- Cibot, Pierre-Martial - Missionary, born at Limoges, France, 14 August, 1727; died at Peking, China, 8 August, 1780.
- Ciboule, Robert - French theologian and moralist. (d. 1458)
- Cibyra - A titular see of Caria, in Asia Minor. Kibyra, later Kibyrrha, had been founded by the Lycian district inhabited by the Solymi.
- Ciccione, Andrea - Fifteenth-century Italian sculptor and architect.
- Cicognara, Leopoldo, Count - Politician, writer on art. (1767-1834)
- Cid, El - Popular hero of the chivalrous age of Spain, born at Burgos c. 1040; died at Valencia, 1099. He was given the title of seid or cid (lord, chief) by the Moors and that of campeador (champion) by his admiring countrymen.
- Cidyessus - A titular see of Asia Minor.
- Cienfuegos - The Diocese of Cienfuegos (Centumfocensis), includes all the Province of Santa Clara in the central part of Cuba.
- Cignani Family - Carlo, Felice, and Paolo, Bolognese painters.
- Cima da Conegliano, Giovanni Battista - Venetian painter. (1459-1517)
- Cimabue, Cenni di Pepo - Florentine painter. (1240-1301)
- Cimbebasia - The name given for a long time to the western part of Southern Africa.
- Cincinnati - Archdiocese in the state of Ohio.
- Cincture - More commonly called in England, the girdle is an article of liturgical attire which has been recognized as such since the ninth century.
- Cinites - A tribe or family often mentioned in the Old Testament, personified as Qayin from which the nomen gentilicium Qeni is derived.
- Cinna - A titular see of Asia Minor.
- Circesium - A titular see of Osrhoene.
- Circumcision - The Hebrew word, like the Greek (peritome), and the Latin (circumcisio), signifies a cutting and, specifically, the removal of the prepuce, or foreskin, from the penis.
- Circumcision, Feast of the - As Christ wished to fulfil the law and to show His descent according to the flesh from Abraham. He, though not bound by the law, was circumcised on the eighth day (Luke, ii, 21), and received the sublime name expressive of His office, Jesus, i.e. Saviour.
- Cisalpine Club - An association of Catholic laymen formed in England to perpetuate the movement which had found expression in the "Declaration and Protestation" signed by the Catholic body in 1789.
- Cisamus - Titular see of Crete.
- Cistercian Sisters - The first Cistercian monastery for women was established at Tart in the Diocese of Langres (now Dijon), in the year 1125, by sisters from the Benedictine monastery of Juilly, and with the co-operation of St. Stephen Harding, Abbot of Cîteaux.
- Cistercians - Religious of the Order of Cîteaux, a Benedictine reform, established at Cîteaux in 1098 by St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme in the Diocese of Langres, for the purpose of restoring as far as possible the literal observance of the Rule of St. Benedict.
- Cistercians in the British Isles - St. Stephen Harding, third Abbot of Cîteaux (1109-33), was an Englishman and his influence in the early organization of the Cistercian Order had been very great. It was natural therefore that, when, after the coming of St. Bernard and his companions in 1113, foundations began to multiply, the project of sending a colony of monks to England should find favourable consideration.
- Citation - A legal act through which a person, by mandate of the judge, is called before the tribunal for trial.
- Citeaux, Abbey of - Founded in 1098 by St. Robert, Abbot of Molesme, in a deserted and uninhabited part of the Diocese of Châlons-sur Saône.
- Citharizum - A titular see of Armenia.
- Città della Pieve, Diocese of - A city of obscure origin in the province of Perugia in Umbria, Central Italy.
- Città di Castello, Diocese of - A town in the province of Perugia, in Umbria, Central Italy.
- Ciudad Real - Bishopric-Priorate of the Military Orders of Spain, directly subject to the Holy See.
- Ciudad Rodrigo - Suffragan of the Diocese of Santiago; comprises the greater part of the province of Salamanca, and a portion of the province of Cáceres.
- Cius - A titular see of Asia Minor.
- Civil Allegiance - The duty of loyalty and obedience which a person owes to the State of which he is a citizen.
- Cività Castellana, Orte, and Gallese - A town in the Province of Rome, on the Treia.
- Civitavecchia and Corneto, Diocese of - An important and fortified Mediterranean seaport, in the province of Rome.
- Clairvaux, Abbey of - The third daughter of Cîteaux and mother in the fourth line of numerous and celebrated monasteries, founded in 1115 by St. Bernard, in a deep valley upon the bank of the Aube, and known as the Vallée d'Absinthe.
- Clandestinity (in Canon Law) - Strictly speaking, clandestinity signifies a matrimonial impediment introduced by the Council of Trent to invalidate marriages contracted at variance with the exigencies of the decree "Tametsi", commonly so called because the first word of the Latin text is tametsi.
- Clare of Assisi, Saint - Cofounded the "Poor Clares" with St. Francis. She died in 1253.
- Clare of Montefalco, Saint - Abbess, claimed by both the Franciscans and the Augustinians, d. 1308.
- Clare of Rimini, Blessed - Widow, penitent, Poor Clare, superior of the convent at Rimini, contemplative, d. 1346.
- Clark, William - English priest, date of birth unknown, executed at Winchester, 29 Nov., 1603.
- Claude de la Colombière, Saint - Jesuit missionary, ascetical writer, spiritual director to St. Margaret Mary Alacoque. He died in 1682.
- Claudia - A Christian woman of Rome, whose greeting to Timothy St. Paul conveys with those of Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, "and all the brethren".
- Claudianus Mamertus - Gallo-Roman theologian and the brother of St. Mamertus, Bishop of Vienne, d. about 473.
- Claudiopolis - Titular see in Asia Minor.
- Claudiopolis - A titular see of Bithynia, in Asia Minor.
- Clavigero, Francisco Saverio - Mexican Jesuit. (1731-1787)
- Clavius, Christopher - Mathematician and astronomer. (1538-1612)
- Clavius, Claudius - Danish cartographer. (b. 1388)
- Clayton, James - Priest, confessor of the faith, b. at Sheffield, England, date of birth not know; d. a prisoner in Derby gaol, 22 July, 1588.
- Clazomenae - Titular see of Asia Minor.
- Clean and Unclean - The distinction between legal and ceremonial, as opposed to moral.
- Cleef, Jan van - Flemish painter. (1646-1716)
- Cleef, Joost van - Flemish painter. (1520-1556)
- Cleef, Martin van - Flemish painter. (1520-1570)
- Clémanges, Mathieu-Nicolas Poillevillain de - French Humanist and theologian, b. in Champagne about 1360; d. at Paris between 1434 and 1440.
- Clémencet, Charles - Benedictine historian, b. at Painblanc, in the department of Côte-d'Or, France, 1703; d. at Paris, 5 August, 1778.
- Clemens, Franz Jacob - German Catholic philosopher, b. 4 October, 1815, at Coblenz; d. 24 February, 1862, at Rome.
- Clemens non Papa - Composer. (d. 1558)
- Clement, Cæsar - Date of birth uncertain; died at Brussels 28 Aug., 1626, great-nephew of Sir Thomas More's friend, Dr. John Clement.
- Clément, François - A member of the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur and historian; born at Bèze in the department of Côte-d'Or, France, 1714; died at Paris, 29 March, 1793.
- Clement I, Pope Saint - Lengthy article on Clement I, also called Clemens Romanus, the fourth pope and the first of the Apostolic Fathers.
- Clement II, Pope - Reigned 1046-47.
- Clement III, Pope - Reigned 1187-1191.
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